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Electromagnetic spectrum has following  components ::

a)      visible ::  VIBGYOR ( 400nm---750nm )

b)      microwave :: W band / V band / K band / Ka & Ku band / X Band / C band / S band & L band

c)      radio spectrum :: EHF / SHF / UHF / VHF / ULF / SLF / ELF

d)  ultraviolet

e)  X-rays

f)  GAMMA rays

S – BAND----used for DTH ( direct to home ) ( 2-4 Ghz )

K – BAND--- Ka :: 27-40 Ghz ( RADAR )

                       Ku :: 12-18 Ghz ( SATELLITE ) / point to point microwave

We will discuss MICROWAVE NETWORK for TELECOMMUNICATION.

Microwave networks use 2 / 8 / 13 / 15 / 18 Ghz frequency spectrum for connectivity.

Microwave networks are designed on following principles ::

a)      there should be LOS ( line of sight ) between 02 points

b)      distance is dependent upon fading margins i.e fog / rains / atmospheric interferences in that region

c)      typical distance between 02 microwave towers is 30 kms ( country side ) / 2-5 kms ( city areas )

d)      space & frequency diversity is used for redundancy ( similar to ring structure in fiber networks )

e)      basic elements are antenna / IDU—indoor unit / ODU--- outdoor unit

network diagram ::

IDU :: this unit converts telecom electrical / optical  signals in FSK / PSK format

ODU :: this unit converts FSK/ PSK  format in RF with appropriate power...it also receives signal from distant tower and converts into FSK / PSK

Microwave networks are fast to deploy and reliable, only constraint is capacity i.e bandwidth ….now a days when bandwidth is increasing in exponential way so as to meet demand , microwave is generally used for access networks only ( backbone is on fiber media  )

for detailed information , please contact vsaxena69@hotmail.com